Circumlocution is the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express something. It involves talking around a subject or point rather than stating it directly and clearly. Circumlocution can be used intentionally for rhetorical effect, to avoid taboo topics, or to speak in euphemisms.

Children or language learners might also use circumlocution to describe the intended thing when they don’t know the correct word. However, it is often seen as an undesirable trait that makes communication less clear and concise.

Circumlocution comes from the Latin words "circum," meaning around, and "loqui," meaning to speak. So it literally means "to speak around" a topic. A person who uses circumlocution takes a winding, indirect path to express their meaning rather than a straight line. They may use vague, abstract, or overly complex language. The statement must be unnecessarily long and complicated for it to qualify as a circumlocution.

Most style guides advise writers to generally avoid circumlocution in favor of concise, direct language. Readers appreciate writing that gets to the point. Excessively roundabout phrasing that has too many words can leave readers confused about your message. You might even come across as evasive or lacking confidence.

That said, circumlocution does have its uses. When used intentionally and skillfully, circumlocution can serve as an effective literary or rhetorical device. It allows the speaker or writer to imply things indirectly.

Origin and History of Circumlocution

The concept of circumlocution dates back to ancient rhetoric and oratory. In the classical era, Greek and Roman orators sometimes used indirect, roundabout expressions to avoid sensitive topics. They would talk around issues seen as improper to address head-on.

In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, circumlocution was a common literary device. Writers like Chaucer and Shakespeare used circumlocution for descriptive writing to coin elaborate metaphors and references. Circumlocution suited the ornate rhetorical style popular at the time.

By the 18th century, attitudes began to shift. Direct, concise language came to be seen as a virtue. Writers increasingly strove to follow the maxim that "brevity is the soul of wit." Today, most readers prefer straightforward expression and clear form that makes sense, especially in professional and academic writing. Circumlocution is seen as a habit to avoid. However, it remains an established rhetorical tool when used judiciously for effect.

Circumlocution Example

Direct: "The meal was terrible."

Circumlocution: "Let's just say the gastronomic experience failed to live up to expectations and leave it at that. I've had more flavorful encounters chewing on cardboard. The chef won't be getting a Michelin star in this lifetime!"

Again, the circumlocution takes a roundabout route to convey that the meal was bad. It relies on sarcasm, hyperbole and implied meaning rather than a straightforward statement.

Circumlocution in Literature

In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, the pigs who run the farm steal food from the other animals but use evasive language to conceal it: “For the time being it has been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations.” Instead of plainly stating that food is being taken away, the phrase “readjustment of rations” softens the reality (and in this case is a euphemism). This deliberate vagueness mirrors how those in power manipulate language to obscure the truth and maintain control.

In this case, circumlocution can be used for humorous effect or to "soften the blow" of an insult or criticism. The roundabout phrasing allows the speaker to express their point indirectly.

While often seen as outdated, circumlocution remains a well-established figure of speech when used purposefully and sparingly. The key is to know your audience. In most everyday contexts, aim to be as concise and direct as you can. ⬥