The Collins dictionary defines euphemism as “a polite word or expression that is used to refer to things which people may find upsetting or embarrassing to talk about.” And according to Merriam-Webster, a euphemism is “an agreeable or inoffensive word or phrase that is used instead of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.”

For example, “collateral damage” is a euphemistic term for incidental death or loss.

The use of euphemisms is common across all languages and cultures. They provide a way to discuss taboo topics, spare someone's feelings, or make something sound less distasteful or offensive. However, euphemisms can also be problematic if they are used to mislead or disguise the true nature of what is being discussed.

Origins and History of Euphemisms

The word euphemism derives from the Greek euphemismos, which means “to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner.” Euphemismos itself originates from the Greek euphemia, which means “words of good omen.” The prefix “eu” means well or good, while “phemismos” means speech and comes from the Greek root of “speaking,” so a euphemism literally means speaking in a way that sounds good or pleasant.

The use of euphemisms originated to mask profanity or a sensitive topic. In fact, the ancient Greeks are credited with coining the term to create an indirect expression to make blasphemous language more acceptable. Rather than directly defying the gods, which could bring their wrath, euphemisms allowed the Greeks to refer to them indirectly.

Over time, euphemisms have evolved to encompass a wide range of topics that are uncomfortable, taboo, or socially unacceptable to talk about directly. In the Victorian era, euphemisms were extremely common as a way to uphold the period's strict rules around discussing anything related to bodily functions or sexuality. For example, phrases like “in a delicate condition” were used to avoid directly stating that a woman was pregnant.

In modern times, euphemisms are often used to discuss topics like death, sex, bodily functions, politics, and other sensitive issues. As societal norms and values change over time, so do the euphemisms used. What was once considered an appropriate euphemism in the past may now sound dated, while new euphemisms emerge for topics that weren't openly discussed previously.

Examples of Common Euphemisms

Euphemisms are extremely common in the English language. Here are a few examples of euphemisms you likely encounter regularly:

• "Passed away" is a common euphemism used in place of "died." Other variations include "departed," "deceased," or "no longer with us." These soften the bluntness of talking about death directly.
• “Sexual intercourse” is a term for having sex with someone.
• People often say "letting someone go" or "downsizing" rather than stating directly that employees were fired or laid off. This makes the action sound less harsh or personal.
• "Between jobs" is a euphemism that puts a positive spin on being unemployed by implying it's just a temporary period before the next job.
• When people "borrow" something indefinitely or without asking, it's sometimes called "misappropriation of funds" or "sticky fingers" rather than theft. These euphemisms dance around the seriousness of stealing.

While euphemisms are a polite part of everyday language, it's important to be aware of when they are being used to obscure or minimize something serious. Politicians, for example, may utilize euphemisms to downplay scandals or unpopular policies. Euphemisms can even be used to dehumanize others, as when one group uses them to disparage another group of people.

Euphemisms add color to language but should not be allowed to disguise or diminish important truths. They are most effective when used to discuss sensitive topics respectfully without causing unnecessary offense or discomfort for others. ⬥